April 2008



Google

 

15 Addons to Enhance your Instant Messenger 

Instant Messaging has become an indispensable online tool these days, and messenger applications have therefore become popular in connecting with people. With the wide variety of programs coming out in this arena, the experience only gets better. Here are some add-ons to add additional features to your favorite chat program.

Pidgin – Probably the most popular multi protocol Instant Messaging client out there, supporting a wide number of platforms, including Skype. There a number of enhancements you could add to it, read our Pidgin Tips or go to Lifehacker’s article on how to customize it. Buddy Spy – Shows the real status of your online Yahoo! Buddies, you can find out if any of your buddies are invisible or in stealth mode using this tool         
Multi Protocol Instant Messengers  

Not add-ons, really, but these multi-protocol IMs help a lot in connecting to people from various networks – you need not necessarily have to install every other Instant Messaging software around. Give them a go! // –> ======================================================

In the late 90s, the desktop publishing business was thriving; people were setting up “business centers” which were basically desktop publishing centers with a photocopying machine or two thrown in. These “business centers” started springing up everywhere and secondary school leavers and students on break started going for “computer training” to be able to work in these business centers and make extra money for themselves. (I remember being used as a graphic designer for one distressed business center during holidays; I only got paid 300 naira for 3 weeks of full-time work!)

A few years ago, the cyber-cafe business started moving like hot cake in Nigeria. To make your multiple millions, all you needed to do was to subscribe a Satellite Internet service (V-SAT), buy some fairly used computers, rent a small shop in any remote town with a thriving educational or business community, and start a cyber-cafe (Internet cafe). This was like printing money at a rate of 150 to 200 naira per hour per computer per day! After a while, it became too competitive (especially in Lagos) and cyber-cafes started to fizzle and close up, especially those with low quality PCs and unreliable networks.
Then as the GSM revolution swept the country, the phone voucher distribution and call center businesses became the new hot businesses in town. Now we have a situation where every other trader with a shop – including barbers, restaurant owners, and what have you – either sells recharge vouchers or runs a call center business. It has not completely fizzled out, however. Those who have accumulated enough capital to become major distributors of these phone vouchers are still making a a lot of money.
 
Website design/development and hosting can be a pretty sweet business for someone who is:Basically a good businessman, and Technically savvy enough to manage simple web-based software, or At least smart enough to recognize and hire competent website developers and system admiistrators. Has a few hundred thousand naira in the above case, and a means of making online payments. Able to organize Internet access for self or (in case 3) for staff. The beauty of the hosting (and domain name) business is that people hardly ever change their web hosts unless your customer support is really bad. For example, I’ve been hosting my sites with the same company since March 2004, and the effort involved in switching to a new host is enough to make me stay even if I’m a bit unhappy at times. However, small time webmasters and failed businesses may fail to pay up after the first year.

 

The website design and development business can also be quite sweet, especially if you’re able to deal cut contracts with large companies. Companies, especially, prefer to get their website design, development, domain name and even hosting from the same company so minimize their stress. They are also willing to pay much more than it actually costs to get the job done if you’re using interns or young university or polytechnic graduates, especially those on NYSC.
Domain name reselling only becomes lucrative when you have a very large number of clients, because it costs you more money to purchase each additional domain ordered. However, once a domain is set up it requires zero maintenance, so a one person operation can easily accumulate hundreds or thousands of customers if software is used to automate all tasks. People will only contact you when you screw them up.
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Google

 


TECHNOLOGY NEWS
 
Nigeria admits NITEL Sale To TRANSCORP failed, Seeks New Investors-Reuters
Nigeria’s 2006 privatisation of Nitel has failed to turn around the moribund telecoms firm and the government wants a new core investor to take control, the official News Agency of Nigeria has reported.The government sold 51 percent of Nitel to home-grown conglomerate Transcorp for $500 million, but the new owners have lurched from one crisis to the next since they took over and have been unable to raise enough cash to fix Nitel’s problems.”Incessant changes and disagreements between board members and top management in Transcorp are a major factor leading to instability in strategy and programme implementation,” said a document stating the government’s position, according to NAN. The document was agreed after a meeting in December between the telecoms ministry, the privatisation agency, the telecoms regulator and Transcorp, NAN said in a report late on Monday.

 

Nitel’s infrastructure deteriorated during decades of corrupt and inefficient state management, to the point that its lines are constantly malfunctioning, its billing is erratic and staff go for months without being paid.As things stand, the government retains 49 percent of Nitel. The document quoted by NAN states that it wants Transcorp to sell 27 percent of Nitel to a new investor, which would buy a further 24 percent from the government to take control.But NAN quoted the chairwoman of Transcorp as saying that under privatisation rules Transcorp was not allowed to change the ownership structure until 2009. “We are only suggesting some percentage of equity participation by some of the global telecommunications companies that have shown interest in Nitel,” said Transcorp chairwoman Ndi Okereke-Onyiuke.This was an apparent reference to an agreement announced in August whereby U.S. firm Cisco, British group Cable & Wireless and South Africa’s Dimension Data were supposed to provide technical assistance to Transcorp. Few details of the terms have been made public.Past experience suggests Nigeria would struggle to find new, credible investors in Nitel. The government started trying to sell the firm in 2001 and went through a series of near-misses and fiascos until it finally sold it to Transcorp in 2006.In late 2005, it came close to selling Nitel to Egypt’s Orascom Telecom, which analysts said had experience of countries with infrastructure problems and would have been well-placed to revive Nitel’s fortunes. But Nigeria rejected the $256.5 million offered by Orascom as too low.

 

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SCHOLARSHIP OPPORTUNITY

 

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“Evaluating Internet Research Sources,”
 
The Internet has an enormous quantity of information, with thousands of newsgroups and billions of web pages. The two questions that face any information seeker are,
(1) How can I find what I want? and

 

(2) How can I know that what I find is good?

 

Through the use of a little creativity, some patience, and a few search engines, you will be able to find just about anything you want. “A little creativity” means simply that you must be able to generate some synonyms (words or phrases similar in meaning to each other) for the idea or topic you are searching for. “Some patience” means that you must remember that when you search a library collection, you must plan to spend more than five minutes looking in the card catalog or on the shelves. People who say, “There is nothing on the Internet about my topic,” are often those who sit down in front of the computer, type one phrase into one search engine and find nothing relevant. If you are willing to spend an hour looking around, however, you will almost certainly be well rewarded. Lastly, “a few search engines” means that you must use a variety of tools to find what you want.

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

Categories of Information on the Web
 
Before you begin searching, you first need a little understanding about how information is stored and accessed on the Web. There are basically three categories of information on the Web:
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

The Free, Visible Web.
 
This category includes all the publicly mounted Web pages. These pages are indexed by search engines. To find information from this category, use a good search engine or directory.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

The Free, Invisible Web
 
. This category includes the contents of sites that provide their articles or information free to users, but that content may be accessible only by going directly to the site. In other words, search engines cannot index it. Some magazines, newspapers, reference works, and other sites are in this category. Many databases such as legal, medical, and financial are here, too. To find information from this category, you must go to the appropriate database.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

Paid Databases over the Web
 
. This category includes commercial databases that libraries subscribe to, containing scholarly journals, newspapers, court cases and the like. Providers like Lexis-Nexis, UMI Proquest, Infotrac, JSTOR and others are in this group. To find information from this category, you must have access to the database (through password or an on-campus computer) and search on the database directly. 
 
 
 

 

Search Tool Types
 
Search tools fall into three main categories. (Note that a given search site may combine tools, since sites are in a constant state of change, merging, and partnering.)
Search Engines. A search engine consists of the interface you use to type in a query like the google and yahoo, an index of Web sites that the query is matched with, and a software program (called a spider or bot) that goes out on the Web and gets new sites for the index. The bot crawls the Web at certain intervals, in order to index new material. When you use a search engine, you are asking it to look in its index to find matches with the words you have typed in. Some search engines index not only the World Wide Web, but also Usenet newsgroups. Many search engines are now becoming reference sites which contain much more than just search capability. They may also have news, weather, free software, picture indexes, ratings of web sites, and other features. There are several hundred search engines, but they fall into a handful of types:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

Global
 
. This type of engine, typified by Google, Fast Search, Northern Light, HotBot, AltaVista, and others, reads pages from all over the world in many languages. These engines may index more than a billion pages.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

Regional
 
. Some search engines are limited geographically. For example, only information on Web sites in Australia may be indexed.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

Targeted
 
. These search engines limit themselves to one subject, like biography, medicine, graphics, art, fishing, and so forth.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

Reference
 
. These provide information from a set of reference works, such as an encyclopedia. Britannica, Bartleby and xrefer are examples.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

Directories
 
. Directories are categorized lists of sites picked out by human editors. Directory databases are therefore much smaller than those of search engines. However, the fact that the sites are hand picked often means that you will find very high quality sites or articles in the results. Example directories are Yahoo, Look Smart, and Snap.Quick Guide to Choosing a Starting Place
Here are some suggestions about where to start a search.

 

I’ve got a broad subject in mind, but don’t know exactly what I’m interested in or how to look it up. For broad subjects, such as information processing, Tibet, photosynthesis, volcanoes, Samuel Johnson, rope making and so on, try an encyclopedia or similar reference site.

 

 

 

I need information about a general subject area.

 

To find information about business, law, medicine, old master paintings, government documents and so forth, use a targeted search engine
I have a well-known specific subject in mind and want to find some relevant sites.
To find sites for subjects such as , exercise routines, colleges and universities, dietary guidelines, art museums, try a directory.

 

Search Tips
 
1.
Use several search tools. Because of the constant indexing that search sites do, and because of the way their indexes work, some will find content that others will not. No engine has the entire Web indexed. Use several engines and several directories, and look at reference and targeted engines as well for the most thorough search. (And remember the Invisible Web!). See “World Wide Web Research Tools” for a list of good engines and other tools.

 

2.

 

Read the search tips or help information at each search engine. You will learn how to perform more sophisticated searches, how to restrict or expand searches, and how to use the site more efficiently. For example, AltaVista, Excite, and InfoSeek allow the use of quotation marks to create an exact phrase search, a plus sign to indicate a word that must occur to yield a hit page, and a minus sign to exclude pages that include the word. By combining these items, you can create a very powerful and specific search:4. Guess a location. The address or URL (uniform resource locator) of a web site is, surprisingly, often guessable. Many companies use a standard form of URL, which is http://www.companynamehere.com, where “companynamehere” is the name of the company. Thus, for example, Sony is found at http://www.sony.com and you can figure out how to get to Disney, Honda, and NBC the same way. Companies with long names often abbreviate them in some guessable way, as for example http://www.nytimes.com is the New York Times, and the standard form with “adage” in the middle will bring up Advertising Age and with “popsci” in the middle will get you Popular Science.

 

 

 

 
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Quick Tip

For many questions, you can find excellent information by going to Google and typing in four to six words related to your subject. ——————————————————————————–

Word Searches With Search Engines
 
As mentioned above, search engines index the exact words found on Web pages. Thus, when you search with a search engine, you are looking for exact words. “Choose your words well,” says the proverb. Since you do not know exactly what words may be on a particular Web page that covers the subject you are interested in, you must be creative in anticipating the possibilities.
FOREST LOG. Here is a scheme, called FOREST LOG, to help generate search terms. Suppose, for example, you wish to research the validity of testing. Here is how you might use the Forest Log scheme to generate terms.

 

FO

 

Forms Forms or variants of the words you are thinking of. For example, if you search on validity of testing, you may miss a page that discusses validity of tests. So you should include the forms: test, testing, tests. Many search engines allow wild cards to cover most forms by using a wild card, often an asterisk, as in test*.

 

RE

 

Related Terms Related to testing is measurement, assessment, performance, criteria, judgment, evaluation, and so forth. A search only on validity of test* will miss validity of performance measures.
ST
Synonymous Terms What other words are synonymous or used in place of the word test? What about exam, examination, assessment, quiz, midterm? As another example, suppose you search under apple growing, and find a few items but not what you want. What other possible phrases might be used in an article that would cover this topic? You might search on fruit tree farming, fruit orchards, Washington Red Delicious, etc.

LOG Ladder of Generalization The higher on the ladder, the more general or comprehensive the term, while the lower on the ladder, the more specific the term. Thus, for example, a list of terms related to testing, from most general to most specific, might include measurement, assessment, testing, performance test, weightlifting performance test. When you are developing a set of search terms and searching with them, if you do not get the results you want, move up or down the ladder of generalization and generate some more terms.   There are several ways to type in a word search. Knowing the differences can help you get better results. Keyword Search. Many search engines by default offer a keyword search. This kind of search will find all pages that contain any of the words you have specified. Moreover, the search will find the words in any order and in any location. For example, suppose you are looking for information about the formulas in shampoo. If you perform a keyword search using the phrase consumer product chemistry, the engine will return every page that mentions any one of these three words anywhere on the page. Thus, you will see pages about “Consumer Protest over Dangerous Toys,” and so forth. Fortunately, most engines list their findings (hits) in a ranked order, so that hits with all of the words will be listed before hits with only one or two of the words. And usually, pages where the words are close together will be listed earlier. However, that still means that your keyword search for consumer product chemistry will return a page containing, “Some consumer groups are advocating product warning labels on children’s chemistry sets.” Phrase Search. Many search engines allow you to perform an exact phrase search, so that pages with only the words you type in, in that exact order and with no words in between them, will be found. The exact phrase search is often a remedy for too many irrelevant hits. To perform an exact phrase search at a search engine that permits it, put the phrase in quotation marks: “consumer product chemistry.” If you get zero results, go back to the Forest Log and do some work! Boolean Operators. Named after mathematician George Boole, Boolean logic involves the operators AND, OR, NOT, and occasionally NEAR. These operators are available in some engines to expand or contract your search results. The operator OR expands the search, while the others contract it. Let me explain by examples. If you type into the search engine, “summer OR flowers,” you will get a hit on every page that has either the word “summer” or the word “flowers” on it. (For the technically minded, the OR is an inclusive OR so that pages with both words will also be returned.) On the other hand, if you type in, “summer AND flowers,” only pages with both terms will be returned. As you might imagine, this will be a smaller set of hits. If you type in “summer NOT flowers,” then only pages with the word “summer” and not with the word “flowers” will be found. And similarly, if you type in “summer NEAR flowers,” only pages with the word “summer” in the close vicinity of the word “flowers” will be returned. Some pages allow you to specify the nearness of the words, such as not more than 15 or 50 words apart. Search Tips 1. Use several search tools. Because of the constant indexing that search sites do, and because of the way their indexes work, some will find content that others will not. No engine has the entire Web indexed. Use several engines and several directories, and look at reference and targeted engines as well for the most thorough search. (And remember the Invisible Web!). See “World Wide Web Research Tools” for a list of good engines and other tools. 2. Read the search tips or help information at each search engine. You will learn how to perform more sophisticated searches, how to restrict or expand searches, and how to use the site more efficiently. For example, AltaVista, Excite, and InfoSeek allow the use of quotation marks to create an exact phrase search, a plus sign to indicate a word that must occur to yield a hit page, and a minus sign to exclude pages that include the word. By combining these items, you can create a very powerful and specific search:4. Guess a location. The address or URL (uniform resource locator) of a web site is, surprisingly, often guessable. Many companies use a standard form of URL, which is http://www.companynamehere.com, where “companynamehere” is the name of the company. Thus, for example, Sony is found at http://www.sony.com and you can figure out how to get to Disney, Honda, and NBC the same way. Companies with long names often abbreviate them in some guessable way, as for example http://www.nytimes.com is the New York Times, and the standard form with “adage” in the middle will bring up Advertising Age and with “popsci” in the middle will get you Popular Science. Evaluating Internet Information “dot com” “dot gov” — suffixes and country codes explained Any information that you use to support ideas and arguments in a research paper should be given some scrutiny. Printed materials that are collected in a library go through an evaluative process as librarians select them to include in their collections. There is also an evaluation of Web sites that are included in search directories, such as Yahoo!, at least to the extent of classifying and placing sites into a categorization scheme. However, sites harvested by “spiders” or “robots” for search engines don’t go through any evaluative process. There are no real restrictions or editorial processes for publishing information on the Web, beyond some basic knowledge of Web page creation and access to a hosting computer. Anyone can publish opinion, satire, a hoax, or plainly false information. To insure that the Web sites you use as information sources are acceptable for research purposes, you should ask questions about those sites. The following are some elements you should look at before deciding to use a Web site as a research resource: Domain suffix The term “dot.com” has become a ubiquitous phrase in the English language. The “dot.com” really refers to the domain of a Web site. Sites on the Web are grouped by their URLs according to the type of organization providing the information on the site. For example, any commercial enterprise or corporation that has a Web site will have a domain suffix of .com, which means it is a commercial entity. The domain suffix provides you with a clue about the purpose or audience of a Web site. The domain suffix might also give you a clue about the geographic origin of a Web site. Many sites from the United Kingdom will have a domain suffix of .uk. Here follows a list of the most common domain suffixes and the types of organizations that would use them. .com Commercial site. The information provided by commercial interests is generally going to shed a positive light on the product it promotes. While this information might not necessarily be false, you might be getting only part of the picture. Remember, there’s a monetary incentive behind every commercial site in providing you with information, whether it is for good public relations or to sell you a product outright.   .edu Educational institution. Sites using this domain name are schools ranging from kindergarten to higher education. If you take a look at your school’s URL you’ll notice that it ends with the domain .edu. Information from sites within this domain must be examined very carefully. If it is from a department or research center at a educational institution, it can generally be taken as credible. However, students’ personal Web sites are not usually monitored by the school even though they are on the school’s server and use the .edu domain.   .gov Government. If you come across a site with this domain, then you’re viewing a federal government site. All branches of the United States federal government use this domain. Information such as Census statistics, Congressional hearings, and Supreme Court rulings would be included in sites with this domain. The information is considered to be from a credible source.   .org Traditionally a non-profit organization. Organizations such as the American Red Cross or PBS (Public Broadcasting System) use this domain suffix. Generally, the information in these types of sites is credible and unbiased, but there are examples of organizations that strongly advocate specific points of view over others, such as the National Right to Life Committee and Planned Parenthood. You probably want to give this domain a closer scrutiny these days. Some commercial interests might be the ultimate sponsors of a site with this suffix.   .mil Military. This domain suffix is used by the various branches of the Armed Forces of the United States.   .net Network. You might find any kind of site under this domain suffix. It acts as a catch-all for sites that don’t fit into any of the preceding domain suffixes. Information from these sites should be given careful scrutiny. Country domain suffixes .au Australia .in India .br Brazil .it Italy .ca Canada .mx Mexico .fr France .tw Taiwan .il Israel .uk United Kingdom Authority Does the site you’re evaluating give credit to an author? If no responsible author is listed, is there an indication of any sponsorship? When trying to determine reliability of information given in any medium, you want to have some idea of what the author’s credentials are. Are they experts on the topic they are writing about? What is their educational background? Remember, anyone can publish on the Web. They don’t have to know what they’re talking about. You also want to check and see if there’s a list of sources given for the information on a site, like a bibliography that you would have to provide for a paper you’re writing. Currency Information that is outdated may be incorrect or incomplete. A well maintained Web site will generally tell you at the bottom of the initial screen when it was last updated and maybe even when it was originally created and made available on the Web.   Links An informational Web site in which all the hyperlinks are broken might not be a very reliable resource. Broken hyperlinks are not uncommon, due to the ever changing nature of the Web, but when there are many broken links on a Web site, it might be an indication that the site isn’t maintained on a regular basis.   URL The site address can give you clues as to ultimate sponsorship of a site. If you can’t determine who wrote the site or who or what is sponsoring the site, try truncating the URL to its root address. This will tell you where the site is being hosted. For example, this site provides information on nutritional RDAs: http://www.mikeschoice.com/reports/rda.htm. If you truncate the URL to its root address http://www.mikeschoice.com, you will discover that this is a site selling a mineral supplement. Given the obvious bias, this is probably not the best source of nutritional information. Another clue to what type of site you’re looking at is whether there is a ~ (tilde) symbol in the URL. This symbol usually indicates that the site is a personal Web page and the information should be given careful scrutiny. Comparison Always compare the information that you find on a Web site with other information sources. Generally, you wouldn’t want to use only Web sites as support for a research paper, so you would be looking at other types of sources such as books, magazine articles, etc. as well. How does the information found in the various formats compare?                                    

TELECOMMUTING

Telecommuting, e-commuting, e-work, telework, working at home (WAH), or working from home (WFH) is a work arrangement in which employees enjoy limited flexibility in working location and hours. In other words, the daily commute to a central place of work is replaced by telecommunication
 links. Many work from home, while others, occasionally also referred to as nomad workers or web commuters utilize mobile telecommunications technology to work from coffee shops or myriad other locations. Telework is a broader term, referring to substituting telecommunications for any form of work-related travel, thereby eliminating the distance restrictions of telecommuting.
All telecommuters are teleworkers but not all teleworkers are telecommuters. A frequently repeated motto is that “work is something you do, not something you travel to”.A successful telecommuting program requires a management style which is based on results and not on close scrutiny of individual employees. This is referred to as management by objectives as opposed to management by observation. The terms telecommuting and telework were coined by American Jack Nilles in 1973
Long distance telework is facilitated by such tools as virtual private networks, videoconferencing, and Voice over IP. It can be efficient and useful for companies as it allows staff and workers to communicate over a large distance, saving significant amounts of travel time and cost. As broadband Internet connections become more commonplace, more and more workers have enough bandwidth at home to use these tools to link their home office to their corporate intranet and internal phone networks.

Technology

The roots of telecommuting lay in early 1970s technology, linking satellite offices to downtown mainframes by dumb terminals using telephone lines as a network bridge. The massive ongoing decrease in cost and increase in performance and usability of personal computers forged the way to decentralize even further, moving the office to the home. By the early 1980s, these branch offices and home workers were able to connect to the company mainframe using personal computers and terminal emulation.
The adoption of local area networks promoted sharing of resources, and client server computing allowed for even greater decentralization. Today, telecommuters can carry laptop PCs around which they can use both at the office and at home (and almost anywhere else). Telecommuters are linked to their home office by using groupware, virtual private networks, and similar technologies to collaborate and interact with team members. As the price of VPN-capable routers, high-speed Internet connections to the home, and VOIP technology has plummeted in recent years, the cost to connect a telecommuter to their employer’s intranet and telecommunications system has become negligible when compared with the operating costs
 of conventional offices.
Benefits

Telecommuting, options increase the employability of marginalized groups, such as mothers and fathers with small children, the disabled and people living in remote areas. It can also reduce an individual’s carbon footprint, through minimizing daily commuting. The set up also offers possibilities for increased service and international reach, since telecommuters in different time zones can ensure that a company is virtually open for business around the clock. Telework has also enabled offshore outsourcing
. Telecommuting provides employee flexibility, eases the working parent’s burden, increases employee productivity, and reduces absenteeism. Virtual offices allow employers to keep valuable employees, allow employers to hire employees otherwise not available, and have facilitated productive re-engineering of order-management and customer service processes.
Environmental benefits

Telecommuting gained more ground in the United States in 1996 after “the
 Clean Air Act amendments were adopted with the expectation of reducing carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone levels by 25 percent”.The act required companies with over 100 employees to encourage car pools, public transportation, shortened workweeks, and telecommuting. In 2004, an appropriations bill was enacted by Congress to encourage telecommuting for certain Federal agencies. The bill threatened to withhold money from agencies that failed to provide telecommuting options to all eligible employees. Telecommuting is seen as a solution to traffic congestion caused by single-car commuting, and the resulting urban air pollution and petroleum use. Initial investments in the network infrastructure and hardware are balanced by an increased productivity and overall greater well-being of telecommuting staff (more quality family time, less travel-related stress), which makes the arrangement attractive to companies, especially those who face large operating costs related to the need for a central office. Although estimates vary on the number of workers telecommuting in the U.S., some studies anticipate that the number will rise over the next few years. Barriers to continued growth of telecommuting include distrust from employers and personal disconnectedness for employees.Research conducted by Kate Lister and Tom Harnish in 2008 shows that thirty-three million American’s hold jobs that could be performed at home. If they did, the U.S. could make major cuts in oil dependency. Based on their synthesis of data from EPA, DOT, and 7 other recent sources, they found that telework could reduce Gulf oil imports by 24 to 48%, reduce greenhouse gases by up to 67 million metric tons a year, and save as much as 7.5 billion gallons of gasoline each year. These new telecommuters would collectively avoid 154 billion miles of driving and save $25 billion in fuel purchases (even accounting for mileage for errands formerly accomplished driving to or from work). What’s more, their research shows that by not commuting, these new teleworkers would enjoy the equivalent of an extra 5 workweeks of free time each year.

Current trends

U.S. federal government

Recent events have pushed telework to the forefront as a critical measurement for the U.S. federal government. Telework relates to continuity of operations (COOP) and national pandemic preparedness planning, reducing dependence on foreign oil and the burden of rising gas prices, the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC), and a focus on recruitment and retention.During a keynote address at the September 12, 2007 Telework Exchange Town Hall Meeting,  Lurita Doan, Administrator for the General Services Administration, announced an aggressive commitment goal to increase agency telework participation. Her challenge will enable 50 percent of eligible agency employees to telework one or more days per week by 2010. Currently 10 percent of eligible GSA employees telework, compared to 4.2 percent for the overall Federal workforce. Her goal is to increase participation to 20 percent by the end of 2008, 40 percent by the end of 2009, and finally 50 percent by 2010.

Distributed work

Telecommuters need not necessarily work from the home. A more recent extension of telecommuting is distributed work. Distributed work entails the conduct of organizational tasks in places that extends beyond the confines of traditional offices. It can refer to organizational arrangements that permit or require workers to perform work more effectively at any appropriate location, such as their homes and customers’ sites – through the application of information and communication technology. An example is financial planners who meet clients during lunchtime with access to various financial planning tools and offerings on their mobile computers, or publishing executives who recommend and place orders for the latest book offerings to libraries and university professors, among others. Another example is the telework centers around Washington, D.C. in Maryland (6), Virginia (8), and D.C. and West Virginia (one each), which generally are relatively close to a majority of people who might otherwise drive or take public transit, and also feature the full complement of office equipment and a high-speed Internet connection for maximum productivity, and perhaps may feature support staff such as receptionists.These work arrangements are likely to become more popular with current trends towards greater customization of services and virtual organizing. Distributed work offers great potential for firms to reduce costs, enhance competitive advantage and agility, access a greater variety of scarce talents, and improve employee flexibility, effectiveness and productivity.It has gained in popularity in the West, particularly in Europe. While increasing in importance, distributed work has not yet gained widespread acceptance in Asia.

Virtual offices

Virtual offices are attractive to management because they reduce overheads, reduce office space needs, increase productivity, and reduce staff turnover. However, managers (whose roles are varied and not well defined) in telecommuting roles typically receive fewer promotions due to the lack of direct contact they need. From that aspect, telecommuting seems to work best for professionals such as engineers.
Coworking

Coworking is a social gathering of a group of people, who are still working independently, but who share a common working area as well as the synergy that can happen from working with talented people in the same space. Typically, a coworking facility offers hotdesking and other services with common office infrastructure, as well as social areas such as a coffee shop.
Microjobs

Telecommuters who begin working from home part-time for one company may acquire self-employed status through agreement or necessity. From that position an employee may seek more work from other sources. Ultimately, the size of the job unit may reduce, so that many more people are working for small periods of time for multiple clients. These short-time-period jobs have been named microjobs.
Potential drawbacks

Telecommuting has come to be viewed by some as more a “complement rather than a substitute for work in the workplace”Thus, some workers may find their work load increased to the point where they are under more stress than before. Distractions at home can have a similar effect, especially among workers who leave the office to be better able to care for small children and the infirm. Fellow employees in the employer’s office sometimes resent home telecommuters. Even when a company successfully implements telecommuting practices, increasing productivity and decreasing stress, they face an increased risk of confidential data loss and risks to data integrity resulting from the increased geographical diversity of their network and the loss of direct corporate control over the telecommuter’s physical work environment. For instance, a major breach of privacy by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs resulted from a laptop being stolen from a worker who took his work home. The result was described as “potentially the largest loss of Social Security numbers to date.Initially, managers may view the teleworker as experiencing a drop in productivity during the first few months. This drop occurs as “the employee, his peers, and the manager adjust to the new work regimen”.[
The drop could also be accountable to inadequate office setup. Managers need to be patient and let the teleworker adapt. It can be claimed that as much as “70 minutes of each day in a regular office are wasted by interruptions, yakking around the photocopier, and other distractions”. Eventually, productivity of the teleworker will climb. Management needs to recognise the communication barriers that telecommuters experience. The feeling of alienation can be very difficult for the teleworker. The job should be clearly defined as well as its objectives. Performance measures should be thorough and apparent. Managers need to be aware that although overhead decreases, the cost of technology becomes greater. 

Information Technology
 (IT) managers experience greater demands because of user requirements for remote access through laptops, personal digital assistants, and home computers. Use of non-standard software can create problems. Setting up security and virtual private networks increase the demands for IT.Traditional line managers are accustomed to managing by observation and not necessarily by results. This causes a serious obstacle in organizations attempting to adopt telecommuting. Liability and workers’ compensation can become serious issues as well. Companies considering telecommuting should be sure to check on local legal issues, union issues, and zoning laws. Telecommuting should incorporate training and development that includes evaluation, simulation programs, team meetings, written materials, and forums. Information sharing should be considered synchronous in a virtual office and building processes to handle conflicts should be developed. Operational and administrative support should be redesigned to support the virtual office environment. Facilities need to be coordinated properly in order to support the virtual office and technical support should be coordinated properly. The conclusion for managers working within telecommuting organizations is that new approaches to “evaluating, educating, organizing, and informing workers should be adopted.

 

Popular telecommuting jobs

The proliferation of many smaller Internet companies has resulted in an increase of

data entry
 related telecommuting jobs. The tight budgets of many of these companies make it economically impossible to carry full time staff. Contracting with home based freelancers is a cost effective way of meeting the demands of daily data entry tasks. These tasks may include the preparation of correspondence, reports, spreadsheets, lists, records and databases.Some of the most popular telecommuting data entry jobs:

Litigation Coding: A growing category, litigation coding involves the capture of information from scanned documents to assist legal professionals in not only storing their documents electronically but locating the documents using keyword search criteria.

Medical and Legal Transcription: Medical and/or legal transcription requires the entry of information as heard on an audio file. Contractors listen to recordings and type everything they hear. There is specialized equipment available such as headphones and foot pedals that can slow down or speed up the recordings, as well as training courses that can teach and certify home workers in these types of data entry jobs.

Medical Coding: Ensures the proper entry and management of sensitive medical data. There are correspondence courses to train telecommuters in this work.

Telecommuting and Work At Home Scams

Unfortunately, work-at-home and telecommuting scams are common. The problem is so pervasive that in 2006 the Federal Trade Commission  (FTC) established Project False Hopes, a federal and state law enforcement sweep that targets bogus business opportunity and work at home scams. The crackdown involved more than 100 law enforcement actions by the FTC, the Department of Justice, the United States Postal Inspection Service, and law enforcement agencies in 11 states. In four of the new FTC cases alone, consumers lost more than $30 million. “Bogus business opportunities trample on Americans’ dreams of financial independence,” said FTC Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras. “If a business opportunity promises no risk, little effort, and big profits, it almost certainly is a scam. These scams offer only a money pit, where no matter how much time and money is invested, consumers never achieve the riches and financial freedom promised.”In a forthcoming book, Undress4Success—The Naked Truth About Working From Home, telework researchers, Kate Lister and Tom Harnish, report that between 20% and 97% (depending on the website) of the work-from-home and telecommuting jobs posted on the top Internet job boards represent some kind of scam. “These sites are some of the most visited places on the web. They’re household brands and people trust them. Yet, much of what they’re peddling is pure junk,” says Lister. “One of the top three job boards features 1,250 postings for a company that advises, in all capital letters,
STOP EVERYTHING YOU ARE DOING RIGHT NOW—THE NEXT FIVE MINUTES MAY CHANGE YOUR LIFE . . .
INVEST $9.95 AND WE’LL SHOW YOU HOW TO . . .’“This is the kind of thing that gives telecommuting a bad name. People looking for work from home need to really do their homework to avoid being stung. There are lots of ways to detect a scam but the simplest advice is to never pay for a job. That’s just not the way it works,” says Kate

WEB SITE THAT OFFERS TELECOMMUTING JOBS

http://www.2work-at-home.com/telecommute.shtml

http://www.homenetpro.com/

https://jobs.1800contacts.com
 1800Flowers.com – http://ww22.1800flowers.com
2 Places At 1 Time – http://www.2places.com/employment/

http://www.aaarenewals.com
 
Aetna Life Insurance –
 

http://www.aetna.com
AG Communication – http://www.agcs.com – This company offers flexible scheduling, onsite childcare and telecommuting.

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. – http://www.airproducts.com

American Airlines –
 

http://www.aa.com
 
American Express –
 

http://www.americanexpress.com
 
Ameritech –
 

http://www.ameritech.com
 
Allergan –
 

http://www.allergan.com
Allstate Insurance – http://www.allstate.com

Apple Computer –
 

http://www.apple.com
Art & Logic – http://www.artlogic.com

Arthur Andersen Consulting – http://www.arthuranderson.com

AT&T – http://www.att.com/hr/

Bank of America – http://www.bofa.com/batoday/batoday.html

Banker’s Trust – http://www.bankerstrust.com

Baxter Healthcare – http://www.baxter.com

Bell Atlantic – http://www.bellatlantic.com

Beneficial Corporation – http://www.beneficial.com

Berlitz Translation Services – http://www.berlitz.com

Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Maryland – http://www.bluecross.com

CFW Communications – http://www.cfw.com

Chevron – http://www.chevron.com

Cigna – http://www.cigna.com

Cincinnati Bell – http://www.cinbelltel.com

CISCO Systems, Inc. – http://www.cisco.com

 
 

Citibank
 – http://www.citibank.comCompaqhttp://www.compaq.com

Computer Curriculum Corp. – http://www.cccnet.com

The Connection® –
 

http://www.the-connection.com
Connext Inc. – http://www.connext.com

Creative Freelance – http://www.freelancers.com

Creative Labs – http://www.soundblaster.com

Dell Computer – http://www.dell.com

Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc. – http://www.diamondmm.com

Digital Equipment Corporation – http://www.digital.com

Digital News – http://www.digitalnews.com

DSP TEchnology, Inc. – http://www.dspt.com

DuPont – http://www.dupont.com

Ernest & Young, L.L.P. – http://www.ey.com

 
 

Eastman Kodak
 Company – http://www.kodak.comEdify Corp. – http://www.edify.com

En Pointe Technologies – http://www.enpointe.com

Equitable Life Assurance – http://www.equitable.com

 
 

Fannie Mae
 – http://www.fanniemae.comGannetthttp://www.gannett.com

 
 

Geico
 – http://www.geico.comGeneral Electic Nuclear Energy – http://www.ge.com

 
 

Government Jobs
 – http://www.careersingovernment.comGTEhttp://www.gte.com

Hewlett-Packard – http://www.hp.com

Honeywell – http://www.honeywell.com

Hughes Aircraft – http://www.hughes.com

Hypermedia Group, Inc. –
 

http://www.hmg.com
 
 
 

IBM
 – http://www.ibm.com
Implicit Inc. –
 

http://www.implicitweb.com
 
Initial Call –
 

http://www.initialcall.com
Inktomi Corp. – http://www.inktomi.com

Insignia Solutions, Inc. – http://www.insignia.com

 
 

Intel
 – http://www.intel.comIntracorphttp://www.intracorp.com

JCPenney – http://www.jcpenney.com

John Hancock Insurance – http://www.johnhancock.com

Knight-Ridder Information, Inc. – http://www.krinfo.com

LAM Research Corp. – http://www.lamrc.com

Lanier Business Products – http://www.lanier.com

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – http://www.llnl.gov

LINK Resources Corporation – http://www.linkresources.com

Lumisys, Inc. – http://www.lumisys.com

 
 

Macromedia
 Inc. – http://www.macromedia.comMacWEEKhttp://www.zdnet.com

 
 

Maxtor
 Corp. – http://www.maxtor.comMCIhttp://www.mci.com

McGraw Hill – http://www.mcgraw-hill.com

Meridian Data, Inc. – http://www.meridian-data.com

 
 

Microsoft
 – http://www.microsoft.comMolecular Devices Corp. – http://www.moldev.com

National Association of Insurance Commissioners – http://www.naic.com

NEC Electronics, Inc. – http://www.nec.com

Netframe Systems, Inc. – http://www.netframe.com

 
 

Netscape Communications
 Corp. – http://www.netscape.comNewsBankhttp://www.newsbank.com/

Newsbytes News Service –
 

http://www.newsbytes.com
Nike – http://www.nike.com

 
 

Nortel (Northern Telecom) – http://www.nortel.com
Oak Technology, Inc. – http://www.oaktech.com

Octel Communications Corp. – http://www.octel.com

Oracle Corp. – http://www.oracle.com

Pacific Bell – http://www.sbc.com

PC Week – http://www.zdnet.com

 
 

Peoplesoft
, Inc. – http://www.peoplesoft.comPhilips C&P Division – http://www.philips.com

Proxim –
 

http://www.proxim.com/about/careers/index.html